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Date: April 29, 2024 Mon
Time: 11:43 pm
Time: 11:43 pm
Results for marine pollution
4 results foundAuthor: Baker, James Title: Pollution in the Ocean: Everything Flows Downhill Summary: In May 2009, the Aquarium brought together a group of leading marine scientists, informal educators, communicators, exhibit designers, and public policy experts to identify and explore major ocean issues and to develop documents and strategies to engage the public in these issues. Support for the conference was provided by NOAA, NSF, Southern California Edison, the Marine Conservation Research Institute of the Aquarium of the Pacific, Kings Seafood, and Santa Monica Seafood. The first four reports - (1) Coastal Hazards, (2) Ecosystems and Fisheries, (3) Critical Condition: Ocean Health and Human Health, and (4) Pollution-are based very loosely on booklets in the National Academies Ocean Science Series which can be found at http://dels.nas.edu/osb. Other reports based upon the conference will be added to this Aquarium of the Pacific website. Details: S.L.: 2009. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 20, 2019 at: http://www.aquariumofpacific.org/images/mcri_uploads/Pollution-Ocean.pdf Year: 2009 Country: International URL: http://www.aquariumofpacific.org/mcri/info/pollution_in_the_ocean_everything_flows_downhill/forums Shelf Number: 155478 Keywords: Environmental Crime Green CriminologyIllegal Dumping Illegal WasteMarine PollutionOffences Against the Environment Pollution |
Author: European Commission Title: Final Report: International Oceans Governance - Scientific Support Summary: The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the associated targets for achieving them are tailored to create sustainable change in five important areas, namely; People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. The SDGs officially came into force on 1st January 2016 and, although not legally binding, over the next fifteen years governments are expected to take ownership and create the frameworks to facilitate their implementation and monitor progress as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Specific implementation and success on achieving the SDG Goals will rely on the country's own sustainable development policies, plans and organisations. It is recognised that creating concrete and workable plans at country level will be a challenge and is expected to be a greater challenge for developing countries. Each country will have the primary responsibility for follow-up and review, at the national, regional and global levels, with regard to the progress made in implementing the Goals and targets. The 2016 SDG progress report recognises these challenges, highlighting that "enhancing support to developing countries, in particular the Least Developed Countries and the Small Island Developing States, is fundamental to equitable progress for all". More recently, the high-level United Nations Oceans Conference (5-9 June, 2017) adopted a call for action and provided an opportunity for coastal States to build new partnerships and make voluntary commitments. In addition, the European Union (EU) hosted the 4th edition of the Our Ocean conference in Malta, 5-6 October. This event led to 437 tangible and measurable commitments with a value of EUR 7.2 billion in financial pledges and 2.5 million km2 of additional Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). Some of the challenges of implementing the SDGs relate to the need to improve data collection, integrate key aspects of the SDG vision into national plans, and develop robust frameworks for assessing and measuring progress. The latter has been the focus of a UN Inter-Agency Expert Group (IAEG) tasked with developing a global indicator framework for the post-2015 development agenda, and to support its implementation. It is envisaged that this framework will be complemented by regional and national indicators developed by the States. In line with the five important areas, SDG 14 recognises the importance of the conservation and sustainable use of the oceans and seas and of their resources for sustainable development, including through their contributions to poverty eradication (SDG 1), food security and creation of sustainable livelihoods and decent work (SDG 2), sustained economic growth (SDG ), while at the same time protecting biodiversity and the marine environment and addressing the impacts of climate change and sets targets that aim to promote sustainable use, inclusivity, resilience, and equitable distribution of benefits (SDG 12). In terms of providing support to the countries that might need it most, and specifically relating to SDG 14, a number of initiatives support the SDG agenda, including the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea and the Convention for Biological Diversity (CBD) Sustainable Ocean Initiative as well as a number of other initiatives under the Commonwealths' Enhancing Ocean Governance Goal and Fisheries Governance and Trade Programmes of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Develop Programme (CAADP). Details: Brussels, Belgium: European Commission, 2018. 264p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 20, 2019 at: https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/a52a5f65-832b-11e8-ac6a-01aa75ed71a1/language-en Year: 2018 Country: International URL: https://www.econbiz.de/Record/international-oceans-governance-scientific-support-final-report/10011885678 Shelf Number: 155477 Keywords: Environmental CriminologyGreen CriminologyMarine PollutionOceansOffenses Against the EnvironmentPollution |
Author: Hammerle, Mara Title: Stopping the Spread: The Issue of Death by Plastic in Commonwealth Marine Areas and the Great Barrier Reef Summary: Plastic pollution, both land-based and in our oceans, is one of the most significant environmental challenges the world faces. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has even called it a critical problem, comparable to climate change. While plastic pollution is not the only type of marine litter, it is the most abundant form and poses a worldwide threat to marine environments. Mass production of plastic materials, coupled with inefficient disposal systems and widespread limited environmental awareness, exacerbate the issue. Marine litter is "any persistent, manufactured or processed solid material discarded, disposed of, or abandoned in, the marine and coastal environment". It is found across the planet, including in remote regions far from civilisation - such as Antarctica, remote mountain-tops and the deep-sea ocean floor. In marine environments, the litter accumulates in high densities posing detrimental consequences for marine life. Many species either accidentally swallow or become entangled in the litter, resulting in injury and sometimes death. It also has economic consequences, for example by limiting fishery productivity. There is an urgent need to address marine litter both through the strengthening of existing strategies and through new innovations and technology. As marine litter is rooted in production and consumption patterns and the disposal and management of waste, it is these areas where interventions are necessary. The aim of the report is to look at what could be done at the federal level to reduce marine litter in our oceans by examining lessons from international case studies. The strategies are categorised in five themes: prevention (preventing the production of plastic and other litter in the first place), mitigation (minimising the amount of litter entering water sources), removal (removing litter from marine environments), education (educating the public and other key stakeholders) and research (understanding the extent and impact of marine litter). It is however important that the potential negative impacts of any policy recommendations are assessed before adoption. However, the Constitution prescribes no specific environmental regulatory powers to the Federal Government and those powers that the Federal Government does have through the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 are limited and weak. As stressed by numerous environmental organisations, including the Boomerang Alliance, Places You Love and Environmental Defenders Offices, there is an urgent need for national leadership both on marine litter and on environmental matters more generally. Details: Queensland, Australia: McKell Institute, 2018. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 20, 2019 at: https://mckellinstitute.org.au/app/uploads/Stopping-the-Spread-1.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Australia URL: https://apo.org.au/node/204446 Shelf Number: 155492 Keywords: Australia Environmental Crime Green CriminologyHazardous Waste Marine LitterMarine Pollution Offences Against the Environment Plastic PollutionPolluted Oceans |
Author: Macfadyen, Graeme Title: Abandoned, Lost or Otherwise Discarded Fishing Gear Summary: Abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear (ALDFG) is a problem that is increasingly of concern. Various United Nations General Assembly resolutions now provide a mandate for, and indeed require, action to reduce ALDFG and marine debris in general. Consequently, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) entered into an agreement to carry out a study in relation to ALDFG in order to raise awareness of the extent of the problem and to recommend action to mitigate the problem of ALDFG by flag states, regional fisheries management bodies and organizations, and international organizations, such as UNEP, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and FAO. This report reviews the magnitude and composition of ALDFG, and while noting that information is not comprehensive and does not allow for any global estimates, suggests that gillnets and fishing traps/pots may be the most common type of ALDFG, although netting fragments may also be common in some locations. The impacts of ALDFG are also considered and include: continued catching of target and non-target species (such as turtles, seabirds and marine mammals); alterations to the benthic environment; navigational hazards; beach debris/litter; introduction of synthetic material into the marine food web; introduction of alien species transported by ALDFG; and a variety of costs related to clean-up operations and impacts on business activities. In general, gillnets and pots/traps are most likely to "ghost fish" while other gear, such as trawls and longlines, are more likely to cause entanglement of marine organisms, including protected species, and habitat damage. The factors which cause fishing gear to be abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded are numerous and include: adverse weather; operational fishing factors including the cost of gear retrieval; gear conflicts; illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing; vandalism/theft; and access to and cost and availability of shoreside collection facilities. Weather, operational fishing factors and gear conflicts are probably the most significant factors, but the causes of ALDFG accumulation are poorly documented and not well understood. A detailed understanding of why gear is abandoned, lost or discarded is needed when designing and tailoring effective measures to reduce ALDFG in particular locations. A variety of measures are currently in place to reduce ALDFG, and these are profiled in this report. They include those which are preventative or ex-ante, and those which are curative or ex-post. Evidence suggests that while both are important, much of the emphasis to date has been placed on curative measures such as gear retrieval programmes and clean-up of beach litter, while preventative measures may generally be more cost-effective in reducing ALDFG debris and its impacts. This report concludes with a number of recommendations for future action to reduce ALDFG debris, be it on a mandatory or voluntary basis. It also considers at what scale and which stakeholders (e.g. international organizations, national government, the private sector, research institutions) might be best placed to address the wide range of possible measures to reduce the amount of ALDFG debris. Details: Rome, Italy: United Nations Environment Programme, 2009. 117p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 20, 2019 at: http://www.fao.org/3/i0620e/i0620e00.htm Year: 2009 Country: International URL: http://www.fao.org/3/i0620e/i0620e00.htm#Contents Shelf Number: 155493 Keywords: Crimes Against the EnvironmentEnvironmental Crime Fishing NetsGreen CriminologyHazardous Waste Illegal Dumping Illegal Unregulated and Unreported FishingIUU FishingMarine PollutionOceans Pollution Offences Against the Environment Pollution |